ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ยป ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื ืœ ยป ืžืžืฉืœื” ยป ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™
ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™

ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™

ืฉืชืฃ | ื”ื“ืคืก | ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ

ื‘ืžืืžืจื•, ืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื (ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘-1849, ืขืž' 29), ื”ื ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืช'ื•ืจื• ื›ื•ืชื‘: 

ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื–ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœื” - ื›ื™ ืืฆื™ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื–ื•ืช ืœืืœื” ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžื ื™, ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ - ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” : ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ื“ืง ืœืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื. ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉื™ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื•. ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืžืœื•ื›ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช, ืžืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืคืจื˜. ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ [ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก; BO] ื”ื™ื” ื—ื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”. ื”ืื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”? ื”ืื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืฆืขื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื? ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื›ื›ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืฆืžืื™, ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื” ื•ืกืžื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœื”, ื•ืชืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื”ืชืื. 

ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืงืจืื• ืืช ืฉืœื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื ื” ืืจื ื“ื˜ ื•ืชื•ืžืก ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืืœืช ื”'ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ', ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ื”'ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช' ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช (ืฉื ื™ื›ืœื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ), ื™ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืช'ืจื• ื”ื“ ืœื”ืจืฉืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ. 

ืื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื›ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ ืžืžืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืฃ, ื ื™ืžื” ืื—ืจืช. ืœื”ืชืขืงืฉ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืช'ื•ืจื• ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืฉืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ 'ืชื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื', ืžืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื›ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœืงื• 'ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข', ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” 'ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:' 'ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ, ืœื ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืฉื•ื ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ' (ืขืž' 6).

ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืช'ื•ืจื• (ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื’ืœื•ื™), ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื’ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืจืฉื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™-ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ (ืขืž' 5):

ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื• - 'ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ืคื—ื•ืช;' ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข, ื–ื” ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื”, ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ - 'ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ;' ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื–ื”, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืš ืชื•ืขืœืช; ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื ื’ื“ ืฆื‘ื ืงื‘ืข, ื•ื”ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ, ื•ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข, ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื ื ื’ื“ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช. ืฆื‘ื ื”ืงื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืงื‘ืข. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืง ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืขื ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ืขืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœืœ ื•ืœืขื•ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื”. ืฆืคื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื›ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื”ื; ื›ื™ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืขื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœืฆืขื“ ื”ื–ื”. 

ืคืœื ืฉืชื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืœืš, ื’'ื•ื ื™ื•ืจ, ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™, ื•ืœื™ืื• ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ื›ื•ืœื ื“ื’ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืคืจื–ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ ืฆื“ืง, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืคื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ืฆื•ื“ืงื•ืช. ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉืœ ืœื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื, ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืžื• ืช'ืจื•. ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืขืฆืžืื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื•ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื•, ื•ืกื•ืžืš ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ืžื•ืจื•, ืจืืœืฃ ื•ื•ืœื“ื•. ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” 'ืงื˜ื ื”' โ€“ ืฉื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื” โ€“ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืช'ืจื• ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ืœื ืฆื•ื“ืง, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื• ืœืฉืœื ืžืก ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื ืงืจื 'ืžืก ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช' ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื (ืžืกื™ื ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื“ืขืชื•), ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืœื ืœืœื™ืœื”, ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื’ืข, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ (ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืจื‘) ืฉื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืชืœื™ ื”ื›ืœื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ( ืขืž' 20-24).

ืœื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืชื ื™ื ืžืื– ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘'ืžืžืฉืœื”', ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“, ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืœื”ืคืจื–ื•ืช ื”'ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช' ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื? ืื ืช'ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืจืžืจ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื”ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ, ืื ืœื ื ืจืฆื—. ืœื ืฉืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•; ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืžืฅ ืจื‘. ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ืืŸ (ืขืž' 9):  

ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืกืจื‘ ืœื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืจื™ืฆื•ืชื” ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืฆื‘. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘, ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืœ 75'.

ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘'ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”' ื›ื™ื•ื; ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ืชื ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ (ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ืžื™ื“ืข), ืื‘ืœ ืงืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช, ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืžืชืŸ ืœ'ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืขื', ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉืื ืžืžืฉืœื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืชื ืขืจื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืชืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื”. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื ืฆืœืช ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช, ืื ืœื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื–ื•. ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขื ื–ื” - ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงืื ื˜ ื”ืžืชื•ืŸ ื‘-18th ื”ืžืื”, ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื, 'ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ืืจื”?  

ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืช'ืจื•, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืขื•, ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืช ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 'ืคืœื ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืงื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื“', ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื– ืื ืœื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื•ืžื ื ื’ื“ 'ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช' ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื–, ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื. ืืžื ื, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื—ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืœื” ืœืžื“ื™ - ืื ื™ ื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ื—ืœืžื ื• ื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื™ื‘ืจืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ - ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš, ื”ื•ืžื—ื–ื” ื›"ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช" ืฉืžื” ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื ืœื ืจื•ื‘, ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืชื™ื™ื; ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช. ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื˜ืžืคืจืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ืื• ืช'ืจื• (ืื• ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ).

ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” (ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ) ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืชื™ืืจ ืช'ื•ืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ. ื‘ืชื•ืจ 'ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืœ 75'. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื™ื“ืขื• ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ื›ืœ ืคื—ื“ ืฉื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ (ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืœืคื—ื“; ื‘ืœื™ ืคื—ื“, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืฅ ื‘ืคื ื™ื•), ื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ. 

ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื ืฉืง ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช; ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืœื—ืฅ ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืื ืœื ื ื”ืจืกื•. ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื“ืจืช ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ื”ืžืจื’ืฉืช ื”ื ื›ืจื™ ื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื ืฉืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ืœืื•ืจ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืขื ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช - ืกื“ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืกื“ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช. 

ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืื ืืชื” ืคื•ืขืœ - ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ โ€“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”, ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื•(ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš) 'ื”ืื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ' ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืข? ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืืคืฉืจื™ืช? ืืœ ืชื˜ืขื•: ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื–ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื•ืœื ื ืคื’ืขื™ื - ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืื• ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืื• ืฆืจืคืช, ืื• ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืื• ืกืคืจื“, ืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ... ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. 

ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช - ืœื, ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช - ืฉืื“ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืื– 'ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืœ 75'. ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช. ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืขืจื™ื; ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื, ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื - ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ื ืช - ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.

ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืฃ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืกืคืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™. ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.

ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช, ืขืงื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืœื ืžื—ืกื”, ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื. ื•ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืคื•ืงืคืง ืฉืœ FEMA ื•ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• 'ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช', ืขื ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœ FEMA, ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื ื–ืงืงื™ื, ื•ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช 750 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื ืคื’ืข. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื–ื”ื• ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืœืื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื (ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ืœืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. 

ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืืจืฆื - ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ืชื ืชื™ื”ืจืก ืœืžืขืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ (ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื–ื”: ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื ืื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื). 

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืžื—ืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื 'ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื' ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ืชืจื•ืคืช ืคืœื ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19. ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื”, ืืชื” ืžื•ืจื“ื ืื• ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจืช; ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืš.

ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื–ืขื–ืข (ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื–ื“ืขื–ืข ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ), ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”'ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื' ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื (ื”ืœื) ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“. ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ืงื˜ืข ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืžื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช:

ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ืื™ื’ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื’ื•ืฃ.

"...ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ 11 ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช: ื›ืจื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘-100% ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช; ืืจืกืŸ 82%; ื ื™ืงืœ 59%; ืงื•ื‘ืœื˜ ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืช 47%; ืคื— 35%; ืงื“ืžื™ื•ื, ืขื•ืคืจืช ื•ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘-18%; ื•ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘-6%", ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 'ืžื•ืคืฉื˜'. 'ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ื•ื, ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื, ืืจืกืŸ, ื ื™ืงืœ, ื›ืจื•ื, ื ื—ื•ืฉืช, ื’ืœื™ื•ื, ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื, ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืžื•ืœื™ื‘ื“ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื•ื.'

ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ืคืงืช ื’ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ - ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืงืจื™ืื” 'ืžื’ืขื™ืœื”'. ื”ืื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื–ื”? ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขืงืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืคื™ื” ืœืคื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื”, ืืกื˜ืจื”-ื–ื ืงื” ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ืœื‘. ื”ื ืœื. 

ืื– ืงื— ืจืžื– ืžื”ื ืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืช'ืจื•, ื•ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืขืฆืžืš. ืชืฉื›ื— ืžืฆื™ื•ืช. ืงื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ (ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™). ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืจืง ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœืš. 



ืคื•ืจืกื ืชื—ืช ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ Creative Commons ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก 4.0
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืคืกื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช, ื ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื ื•ื ื™ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืืžืจ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ.

ืžึฐื—ึทื‘ึผึตืจ

  • ื‘ืจื˜-ืืœื™ื‘ื™ื™ื”

    ื‘ืจื˜ ืื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืจื˜ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”, ืคื•ืกื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™ื–ื, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื”. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื 'ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ื'.

    ื”ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ

ืœืชืจื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื

ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืฉืœืš ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืžืฅ, ืฉื˜ื•ื”ืจื• ื•ื ืขืงืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ืคืš ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช.

ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœ-Brownstone ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช

ื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืขื ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ