ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ยป ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื ืœ ยป ื—ื•ืง ยป ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™

ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™

ืฉืชืฃ | ื”ื“ืคืก | ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ

ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2020 ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืช ืฉื—ืœื—ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื˜ืขื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ืช, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื ื’ื™ืฃ ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ ืขื•ื ืชื™ ื ืคืจืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืจืช. 

ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ. 

ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืžื•ืงื“ื. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉ-WHO ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2020 (ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ) ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืกื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืชืงืœื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ "ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ" ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ "ื”ืื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ" (ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชื’ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›"Build Back Better"). 

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ, ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืื ื“ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื” ื•ืืกื˜ืจื”-ื–ื ืงื” ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ (ืื• ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื—ืœืงื™) ื”ื•ืžืฆื ืœื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ืŸ. 

ื›ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืืคืก ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื’ื•ื—ืš. 

ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื”ืกืชื“ืจ.

ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื•. ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก, ื ื™ืœ ืคืจื’ื•ืกื•ืŸ, ื’'ืจืžื™ ืคืืจืจ, ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ืคืื•ืฆ'ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืคืขืœื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืขื™ืœื” ืื• ื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื ืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ืื–, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ืœืžื” ื•ืžื™? ื ืจืื” ืฉื”"ืœืžื”" ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ"ืžื™" ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• WHO, ืกื™ืŸ, CDC, NIH/NIAID ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”. ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ "ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ", ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ืžื’ืจื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. 

ืื ื™ ืœื ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื. ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื™ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” "ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืžืงืจื™ื" ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.

ืื ืืชืŸ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื - ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื˜ืจื•ื“ื•, ืืจื“ืจืŸ, ืžืจืงืœ, ืžืงืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืจืื’ื™, ืžื•ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื ืคื™ื ื’ - ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชืš ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื? ื›ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ืžืคื•ื ืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืงืฉืจ.

ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•/ืื• ื ื™ืกื• ืœื’ื–ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ืื‘ืœ, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื•ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืจืžื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื.

ื›ื•ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœ- ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ (WEF), ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ "ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—" ืฉื”ื•ืงื (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971) ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืงืœืื•ืก "ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื›ืœื•ื ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืฉืจ" ืฉื•ื•ืื‘ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืœ ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืขื ืืฃ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” "ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ื•ืื‘ื™ืก". ื”-WEF ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ "ื”ืื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ "Build Back Better" (ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื–ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”).

ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘-WEF ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืช:

ื”ืจืฉื” ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”-WEF ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื. 

  • ืืœ ื’ื•ืจ, WP ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
  • ืžืืจืง ืงืจื ื™, ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืœืคืขื•ืœืช ืืงืœื™ื
  • T. Shanmugaratnam, ืฉืจ ื”ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ
  • ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืืจื“, ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™
  • Ngozi Okonja-Iweala, ืžื ื›"ืœ, WTO
  • ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ืืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื‘ื”, ืžื ื”ืœืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
  • ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื” ืคืจื™ืœื ื“, ืกื’ื ื™ืช ืฉืจ ืงื ื“ื”
  • ืœื•ืจื ืก ืคื™ื ืง, ืžื ื›"ืœ BlackRock 

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ืชืš ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”-WEF. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืื•ืก ืฉื•ื•ืื‘. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืจืš ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ื.

ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืืชืจ ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชืš; ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื”: Abbott Laboratories, Astra-Zeneca, Biogen, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Serum Institute of India, BASF, Mayo Clinic, Kaiser Permanente, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Blackrock, CISCO, Dell, Google, Huawei, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Zoom, Yahoo, Amazon, Airbus, Boeing, Honda, Rakuten, Walmart, UPS, Coca-Cola, UBER, Bank of China. ื‘ื ืง ืืžืจื™ืงื”. Deutsche Bank, State Bank of India, Royal Bank of Canada, Lloyds Banking, JP Morgan-Chase, Equifax, Goldman-Sachs, Hong Kong Exchanges, Bloomberg, VISA, New York Times, Ontario (Canada) Teacher's Pension Plan

ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ WEF ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ืขื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืžืœื™ื ื“ื” ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก (BMGF). ืื‘ืœ, ื”-Welcome Trust ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžื”. ืžื™ื”ื• ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ Wellcom Trust? ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ืจืžื™ ืคืืจืจ, ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” SAGE ื•ืชื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื ืขื™ืœื” - ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืžื”ื ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘-ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘-2020 - ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœ-WEF. 

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ, ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื”-BMGF ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘-2020 ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœื”ื.

ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื”-BMGF ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื (IHME) ืคืจืก ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ 280 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. IHME (ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ื ืขื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื-ืคืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2020. ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืื• ืืช ืฉืžื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ืื• ื‘-MSNBC ืื• CNN. 

ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019, IHME ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืคืจืก ืœืขื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืึดื–ึฐืžึตืœ (ื“"ืจ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื”ื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ืคืจืก ืฉืœ 100,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ืชื™ืืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›"ืขื•ืจืš ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜". ื” ืึดื–ึฐืžึตืœ, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืคืขื ืœืื—ื“ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืื– 2020 ื•ืคืจืกื•ื "ืžืืžืจื™ื" ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคืจืกื•ื. ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืš "ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™" ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืžื“ืขื™/ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“, ื›ื™, ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™, ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจ ืคื ื™ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020 ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื™ืชื™.

ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืึดื–ึฐืžึตืœ ื’ื ืžืžื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ (ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘-WEF). 

ืื‘ืœ, ื”-BMGF ืœึฐื”ึทื’ึดื™ืขึท ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœ-IHME ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2020 ืœื‘ื“ ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืคื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื.

ืžืขื ืงื™ ืงืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืžืœื™ื ื“ื” ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก 2020

ืฉื ืืจื’ื•ืŸืกื›ื•ื ื“ื•ืœืจ
ื’ 'ื•ื ืก ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก ื‘ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื’ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ20+ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ (WHO)100+ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช15+ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
ืงืจืŸ CDC3.5+ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœ ืงื•ืœื’ 'ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ7+ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
CDC ื”ืกื™ื ื™2+ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ TH ืฆ'ืืŸ5+ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื“ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช (IHME)28 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ (ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขื ืง ืฉืœ 10 ืฉื ื™ื/279 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ)
ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” CDC1.1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
Deutsche Gesellschaft fรผr Internationale Z. (Gmbh)5+ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
ื ื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืก7+ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
Lumira Dx UK LTD37+ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืกืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•4+ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
Icosavac10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืงืก15 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
BBC2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
CNN4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก3+ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
NPR4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
ืคื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ืข"ืž0.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
National Newspaper Publishers Assoc.0.75 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ

ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื’ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืจื ื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืฉืชืœืžื• ืœื• ื™ืคื”. ื”-BMGF ื’ื ื ืชืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.

ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช: 

  • ื”ืื ื–ื• ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ื”ืฉื–ื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”-WEF? 
  • ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื”? ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ืื ื™ ืœื "ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“" ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืืžื™ืชื™. ืื‘ืœ, ื”ืื ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ ืขื•ื ืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืจืฉืช?

ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช "ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช", ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช:

  • ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื•/ืื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจ?  
  • ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ "ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื? (ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื‘ืงืฉืจ)

ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื? ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืจืžื–ื™ื.

ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื 

ื’'ืจืžื™ ืคืืจืจ ืž-The Wellcome Trust ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืžืืžืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ WEF ืขื ืžื ื›"ืœ ืงืจืŸ ื ื•ื‘ื• ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืกืง, ืžืื“ืก ืงืจื•ื’ืกื’ื•ืจื“ ืชื•ืžืกืŸ. ื–ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ Boston Consulting Group. 

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืจืš "ืœืชืงืŸ" ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ืื’ืจื” ื•ื›ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืื—ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื”. 

ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื. 

ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™. ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” "ืœื”ืชืžื›ืจ" ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืื• ืœื, ื•ืื– ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื. ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ื“.

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฆืจืช ืจื•ืื™, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื™. ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืžื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. 

ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื—ืฆื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื; ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืคืชืื•ื ืชืจื•ืคืช ืคืœื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช?

ืžืจื’ืข ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™, ืœืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืชืกื™ืกื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ืืคืฉืจื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื– ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ (ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื) ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืคืฆืขื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื‘. 

ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื—ืœืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื—ื™ืœืง ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืžื• ืžืžืชืงื™ื. ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1960. ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœืจื•ืคื, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื“ืจื” (ืœื ืจืง ืื—ืช) ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ. ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœืจื’ื™ื”. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”: ืคื ื™ืžื” ืขื ื”ืžื—ื˜. ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื "ื ื“ืคืงืชื™" ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™.

ืœื ืœืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื–ืจืžื• ืœืžื•"ืค ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1980, ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืงืฆืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ NIH ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ "ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”". ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืขืกืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ. 

ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืžื™ื ื•ื’ืœื™ืงื•ื–ื™ื“ื™ื (ืกื˜ืจืคื˜ื•ืžื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืื•ืžื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•'), ื‘ื˜ื-ืœืงื˜ืืžื™ื ืงืคืœื•ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื (ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ Cefadroxil-G1, Cefaclor-G2, Cefotaxime-G3, Cefepime-G4, Beta-Lactams Penicillins (ื›ื•ืœืœ Amoxicillin, ื•- Ampicillin, ื•- Ampicillin), ื‘ื˜ื-ืœืงื˜ืืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (Meropenem), ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื•ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื (Levofloxacin, Gemifloxicin ื•ื›ื•'), ืžืงืจื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื (Azithromycin, Clarithromycin ื•ื›ื•'), ืกื•ืœืคื•ื ืืžื™ื“ื™ื (Sulfisoxazole ื•ื›ื•'), ื˜ื˜ืจืฆื™ืงืœื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื“ืžื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื•-Vancomycin (ืฉืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ). ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื). ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50 ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.

ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืื• ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืจ, ืœื ื™ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื–ืŸ ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”. 

ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ืžืชืงื ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืงืจ, ืขื•ืคื•ืช, ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื’ื™ื. ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื—ื•ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.

ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”. Coli, ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืžื” ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”. Coli. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ื”. Coli (ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื• ืœื) ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืฉืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื”. Coli ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช (ื’ื ืžื™ืจืงื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื˜ืคื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื). 

ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. Coli (ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืื• ืœื) ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืคืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื™ื™ื, ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื ื•ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช GI ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ืื“ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื. 

ืื‘ืœ, ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืื• ืงื˜ืœื ื™ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื” ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื). ืื ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ืื– ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™. ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืช.

ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช; ืžืงืจื” ืงืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืฉืคื•ื– ืื• ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•. ืื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื”ืœืš ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” (ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืŸ), ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ. ืื– ื ืฉืืจืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉืชื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช. ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. 

ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื ื•ื™ ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื–ื” ืจืง ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืœืื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืชื•ืš ืคื—ื“, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืคื—ื“, ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™. 

ืžืฆื™ืืช ื›ืžื” ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืจื” ื•ืจืง ื›ืžื•ืฆื ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœืฉืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื–ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื—ืจืื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืคืจื™ืกืช ื ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžื•ืงื“, ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื. 

ื”-WEF ื‘-21 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2020 ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ื• "ื ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19." ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช ื•ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21. ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”-WEF ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื ืขื™ืœื” ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช

ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”-WEF ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” - ืฉื ื“ื—ืคื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช - ืชืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ืจืœ: ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ืœืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื•ืช, ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื. 



ืคื•ืจืกื ืชื—ืช ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ Creative Commons ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก 4.0
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืคืกื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช, ื ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื ื•ื ื™ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืืžืจ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ.

ืžึฐื—ึทื‘ึผึตืจ

  • ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื•ื•. ืงื•ืคืก ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ Ph.D. ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ืจื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื™ื“ ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-25 ืฉื ื”. ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ื‘-2017, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” 12 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืฉื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช/ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืื• ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”.

    ื”ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ

ืœืชืจื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื

ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืฉืœืš ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืžืฅ, ืฉื˜ื•ื”ืจื• ื•ื ืขืงืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ืคืš ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช.

ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœ-Brownstone ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช

ื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืขื ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ