ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ยป ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื ืœ ยป ืžืžืฉืœื” ยป ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื
ืชื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขืช - ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ

ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื

ืฉืชืฃ | ื”ื“ืคืก | ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ

ื‘ืžื›ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขืช ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ืจืง 77 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงื•ื“ ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’.

ื‘-21 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2023, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืœืขื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื, ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ (HHS) ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช (FDA) ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ 21st ื”ืžืื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืง. ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ 

โ€ฆan ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืงืœื™ื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืœื ื‘ื“ืง ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™...

ืคืกื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘-22 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2024, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”. 

ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21? ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืง ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื ื—ืงืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”-114 ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ืขื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ื•ืขื“ ืœ

... ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™, ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ืืกืคืงื” โ€‹โ€‹ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-21, ื•ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช [?]...[ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื•ืกืฃ]

ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืœื ื ื•ื—ื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื—ื•ืง ืชืžืš ื‘: 

ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” [Sec. 2036].

ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื [Sec. 3021]

ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื [Sec. 3093].

ื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื (NIH) ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืืœื” ืชื•ืคืกื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืชื—ืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 3024 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืคืชื— ื

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขืช ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช.

ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขืช, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืชื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1947. ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉ-77 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’, ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืคืชื—ื” ื”ื“ืœืช ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื“ืข ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ.  

ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื“ื”, ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”-NIH, ื”-FDA ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื ื™ืขืชืŸ (CDC), ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ "ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™" ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืงื‘ืข:

... ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื. 

ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืžื•ื ื— ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ืœื ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื... ืืœื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื. ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื›ื•ื— ื-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงืœื™ื ืื™/ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืฉื ื™ืฆื™ื™ืชื• ืœืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืœืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืœื“ื”-ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”. ื”ื“ื”-ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื ืืฆื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื—ื ื” ืืจื ื“ื˜ ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื”, ื”ื•ื ืฆืขื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืงืจืืช ืฉืœื™ืœืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื "...ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช."  

ืคืกื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืœืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื, ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ mRNA ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ื. ื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื› "ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืžืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื ื’ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืื‘, ืกื‘ืœ ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ.

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืจืง ืฆืขื“ ื˜ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื•ื–ืงืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืงืคื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืžืฆืžืจืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื ื˜ืฉืช. 

ืคืกื™ืงื” ื–ื•, ืฉืชื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื, ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขืชื™ื“ ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืก ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืฆื• ื”ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืžื ืขื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืจื•ื•ื— ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืžืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขืช. 



ืคื•ืจืกื ืชื—ืช ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ Creative Commons ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก 4.0
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืคืกื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช, ื ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื ื•ื ื™ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืืžืจ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ.

ืžึฐื—ึทื‘ึผึตืจ

  • ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืื–ื™ืืœ

    ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืืœื–ืืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืงื“ืžื™ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™. ืœื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืขื‘ื“, ืœืžื“ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.

    ื”ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ

ืœืชืจื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื

ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืฉืœืš ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืžืฅ, ืฉื˜ื•ื”ืจื• ื•ื ืขืงืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ืคืš ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช.

ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœ-Brownstone ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช

ื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืขื ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ