ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ยป ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื ืœ ยป ื”ึดื™ืกื˜ื•ึนืจึดื™ึธื” ยป ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื—ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™-ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™
ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื—ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™-ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ - ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ

ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื—ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™-ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™

ืฉืชืฃ | ื”ื“ืคืก | ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ

ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ HR7521 ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื•/ืื• ืœืฆื ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื–ืจื”. 

ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžืชืจื›ื– ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืง ื˜ื•ืง, ืืฉืจ ืื•ืกืคืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ TikTok ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื›ื ื” ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื ื• ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื”. 

ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜, ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื™ืœื• ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืœืช ื”-TikTok ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื”, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื›ื•ื— ื ืจื›ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืกืฃ ื•/ืื• ืฆื‘ื ื—ื–ืง. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืคื›ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืขื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืงืฆื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื ืฉืง ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืกื ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—. ืžื™ ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘, ืกื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ, ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื›ืื—ื“.

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘-TikTok ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ, ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืกื’ืจ ื•ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืื• ืžืขืจืš ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ืœื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืงื”ืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืงื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. 

ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื ื™, ืฉื™ื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืขืช ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชืกืคืง ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื ืจืื” ื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ, ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืฉืจื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•. 

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ, ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื’ ื˜ืง ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•. 

ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจื›ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืจืง ืฉืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžื˜ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืจืง ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืืฉืจ ืžื’ื“ืจ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืืžืช. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื—ื•ื‘ืชื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื—. ืคืขื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ื›ื”.

ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืงืคื“ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฆืคื” ื‘ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืชื•ืœืœืช ื‘-Big Tech ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช

ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ืœื›ื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืื• ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” "ืœืžืชื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืŸ" ืื™ื ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืœื›ื™ื“ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื”? ืžื” ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืจื•ืฉืข ืื—ืจ ื›ืš? 

ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ืคืจืš ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืงื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืฉืชืคืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื‘ื™ื’ ื˜ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืžืคืจื™ืข ืขื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ CIA ืกืžื•ื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื—ื“ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™.

ื‘ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื—ืงื™ืจืชื™ ืžืืช ืงืจืœ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘-1977, ื”-CIA ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 400 ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื•-25 ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช. ืžืื–, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœื—ื–ืงื”, ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ.

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ืืคืกื™ื“ ืื ืœื ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืขืฆื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืฉืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืคื•ื’ืขืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืœื ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืชืžื›ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ื‘ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ. 

ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื“ื ืฆื™ื ื™ ืฉืฉืืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืคืขื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืขื ืžื–ืœ ื•ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื. 

ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ืžืขืœื” ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช.

ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืกื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืฃ ื‘ื–ื•ืก, ืœื•ืจื ืก ืคืจืกื˜ื•ืŸ (LP) Gise, ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืขื–ืจ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื (ARPA), ืฉืžืžื ื” ARPAnet ื”ืชืคืชื—. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื’ื™ื–ื” ืื™ืฉืจ ื•ืกื™ืคืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” (DARPA) - ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.

ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื–ื•ืก ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ืกื‘ื ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื‘ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืืชื” ื ืžืฉืš ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื›"ืœ ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื ืจื—ื‘? 

ืงืจืืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื–ื•ืก ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืื™ืฉ ืงืจืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ. ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืคื—ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื–ื•ืก ืฉืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืกื‘ื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•.

ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื•. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืื—ื“, ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืžืืคืก ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœืกื‘ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ื“ื—ืคื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืจ.

ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”-DIY ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉ"ืคื•ืค" ื’'ื™ื– ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื™ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช - ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื ื” ื’'ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœื•. ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื’'ืฃ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืกื‘ื•, ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™. 

ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ืฃ ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืกื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” "ืžื ื”ืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช (AEC) ื‘ืืœื‘ืงืจืงื™", ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช DARPA ืื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื‘ื–ื•ืก' ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช LP Gise ื‘ืฉืžื•. ื”ืื ื–ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืžื—ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื•ืช? 

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื›ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœื›ื ื•ืชื• ื›ืœื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœื. ื”ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช. ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ ื ื›ื ืก ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื—ืœืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ื˜ึทื‘ึผึทืขึทืช, ื ืจื›ืฉ ื‘-2018, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืืœืงืกื” ื”ืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื• ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืื—ื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ 24/7 ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืž"ืกืคืงื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื" ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉื’ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ื ื—ืกื•ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ืš ืื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘"ื—ื™ืจื•ื?" 

ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ 30.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืžืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ืจื™ื ื’, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืงืฉื•ืจ, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื - ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• Ring ืฉืœื” ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช. ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืจื™ื ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฆืคื” ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ื—ื“ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ื—ืœืœื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื, ื›ืš ืžืกืจื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ื‘ ืชืœื•ื ื”. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ืคืจื“, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืงื ืก ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืœืกื‘ืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืชื— ื ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืจื™ื ื’ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ื›ื ืข ืœืœื—ืฅ ืžืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืœื ืฆื•. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืขื ืŸ, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืงื˜ืขื™ ืื•ื“ื™ื• ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืœืœื ืฆื•ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•?

ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืืžื™ืŸ ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืกืงืช ืืžืช. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื™ ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื ืขืจ-ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื• ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ืขืœื” ืœืจืฉืช. 

ื—ืกืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘-1995 ื›ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขื ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ DARPA ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”-CIA ื•ื”-NSA ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช Massive Digital Data Systems Program. 

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื“ืฃ ืžืคืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืžื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืžืŸ ื•ืžืชื•ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื—ืง ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื?

ืืžื ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืงื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืคืจื– ืฉืœื”ื "ืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืฉืข"ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ื‘ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ... ืื‘ืœ, ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื’ื ื›ืจื›ื‘ ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.

ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืœื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืฉืœื™ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื’ื•ื’ืœ ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื ืคืจืกื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื• ืœื“ื•ืืจ, ืžื™ืงื•ื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™, ืคืจืกื•ื ืชื•ื›ืŸ, AI, ื˜ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืงืฆื™ื”, ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง โ€‹โ€‹ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžืคืขืœ ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. 

ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืžืžืœืื™ื ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœ ืœื™ื‘ื. ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื” ืืจืฆื™ืช ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. 

ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืœืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ 2004 ื”ื ืงื ื• ื—ื•ืจ ืžืคืชื— (ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืคื•ืช ื’ื•ื’ืœ) ืž-In-Q-Tel, ื’ื ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”-CIA ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”-FBI, NGA, ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืื ืœื“ืขืชืš ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืกืงื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืื• ืฉืžื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื?

ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื•ื”-CIA ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื•ืงืœื˜, ื”ืžื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ "ืžื ื•ืข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™" (ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชืœื•ื ื”-ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื), ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ - ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช - ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช PRISM ืฉืœ ื”-NSA, ืฉืืกืคื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื• ืฆื• ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ื”ืฉื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืคื“ืจืœื™ ืœืฉืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื. ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”-NSA, ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” NSA West

ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืžืขืกื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืžื” ืกื•ื›ื ื™ CIA ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืชื—, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื” ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื "ืื™ื–ื” ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ"ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœื”ื. 

ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืช, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืจืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ ื”-PRISM, ื ื™ื›ืจ ื’ื ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื ื•. ืžืชื•ืง.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ (ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื’ื•ื’ืœ): ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืชืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ืกืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงืกื•ื•ืœ, ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ ืžืงืกื•ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืœืŸ, ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ (ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ืจื›ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ Excite). 

ืื—ืจื™ ืžื’ืœืŸ, ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืืช Chiliad, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”-CIA, NSA, DHS ื•ื”-FBI ืขืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ "ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ Cyren (ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ Commtouch) ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื•ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืœืช ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื. ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืขืช ื›ื—ืœื•ืฆืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™

ืœืื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืกื•ื•ืœ, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜, ื ืฉืžืขื• ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ MI6, KGB, ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื•ื”-CIA. ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืกืงื™ ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืจืง ืžืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ืื—ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœืฉืžืฆื” - ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขื ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ.

ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืื– ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ ืื• ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืื’.

ืื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ืžื ื˜ืจืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื. 

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื›ืœื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ืฉืœืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืกืงื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืื™ืœืชื”, ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.

ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, DARPA) ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ ื”ืœื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ LifeLog, ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ "ื›ืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื•" ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ืงืจื” ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘-4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2004.

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืฆื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ, ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื - 4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2004 - ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉื™ืงื” ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง (ืื–, ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง) ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“. ื–ื” ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืกืจื˜, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ืœื•ื. DARPA ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ, ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื.

ืขืฉื• ืœื™ื™ืง ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ื™ืก ืžืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ. ื’ื™ื•ืก ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”-CIA, FBI, NSA, ODNI, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ DOJ, DHS ื•-GEC, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, Meta, ืฉื›ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-160 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžืื– 2018. ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช (ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™) ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืื™ื–ื” ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื‘ืจ, ื ื‘ื“ืง ื•/ืื• ื™ื•ืกืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.

ืžืชื™ ืžืื˜ Taibbi, ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื’ืจ, ื• ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืคืจืกืžื” ืืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ื‘ื™ื’ ื˜ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. 

ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื•ื’ืœ ื•ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกืคื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ืขืกืงืชื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื™ FBI. ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ (ืœื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืืงืจื ืœื–ื” X) ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืื– ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืืกืง. 

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื•ืืฃ ืกื™ืžื ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื›ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื. ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื. 

ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ Bluebird ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช MK Ultra Mind Control. ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ Bluebird ื›ืœืœื• "ื”ืฉื’ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื" ื•"ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช". ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื’ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ - ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืก. ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื–ื” ืจืง ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืžืจืจ ืื• ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ? 

ืื–, ื”ืื ื›ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžืคื•ื‘ืจืงื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืข? ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืจืง ืžื’ืจื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืžืงืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉื›ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”.

ืื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืชื•ืก, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื. ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ื ืื™ื ื ืขื•ื“ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืคืขืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืžื–ืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื•ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜.

ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืขื“ ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืคืงืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืžื”ื‘ื ืงืกื˜ืจื™ื, ืžื—ื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•', ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืืฉืœื™ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ืฆืคืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ, ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื™ื, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช, ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช, ืื– ืœืžื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช?

ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ืื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืขื ืงื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืื” ืื• ืœื, ื›ืขืช ื”ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืœื ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ ืขื ืงื•ืžืคืœืงืก ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ TikTok, ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืื• ืœืืกื•ืจ ืื—ืจืช ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื• ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื - ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื - ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช? ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’'ืคืจื™ ื˜ืืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฆื™ื•ืฅ ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื: 

ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื›ืกืฃ, ื–ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช - ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืจื” ื‘ืืžืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืžื™ืžื™ื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืชื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ื•ืจื’. ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•.



ืคื•ืจืกื ืชื—ืช ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ Creative Commons ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก 4.0
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืคืกื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช, ื ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื ื•ื ื™ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืืžืจ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ.

ืžึฐื—ึทื‘ึผึตืจ

  • ื’'ื•ืฉ-ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœืžืŸ

    ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืกื˜ื™ืœืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-30 ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืืคื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ืงื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืœืžืŸ ืืช Threes Brewing, ืžื‘ืฉืœืช ื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ื— ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ ืื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื ื›"ืœ ืขื“ 2022, ืคืจืฉ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื ื’ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื, ืกื˜ื™ืœืžืŸ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืื–ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช.

    ื”ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ

ืœืชืจื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื

ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืฉืœืš ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืžืฅ, ืฉื˜ื•ื”ืจื• ื•ื ืขืงืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ืคืš ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช.

ื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœ-Brownstone ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช

ื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืขื ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ